Chilies are widely used in various forms, such as in curries, pickles, and chutneys. The heat of chilies comes from a compound called capsaicin, which also has medicinal applications. Chilies are believed to have originated in Mexico, with Guatemala as the second point of origin. They were introduced to India by the Portuguese through Goa in the 17th century and rapidly spread throughout the country. Capsaicin has numerous health benefits, including anti-cancer properties and pain relief. It also helps in thinning blood and preventing heart diseases. India is the leading producer of chilies in the world, followed by China and Pakistan. Major chili-producing states in India include Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
Chilies thrive in warm climates with an ideal temperature range of 20°C to 30°C. They require a dry season for optimal growth and yield.
Chili plants need moderate water supply. Excessive water can lead to stunted growth and increase the risk of diseases, while insufficient water can cause wilting and reduce production. Irrigation should be adjusted based on soil moisture and weather conditions.
Chilies can grow in a variety of soils, from light to heavy. However, light, fertile, well-drained soils that retain moisture are preferred for better growth. The ideal pH for soil should be between 6 and 7 for healthy chili plants.
Sowing of Crops: The ideal time for sowing chili seeds is from late October to mid-November. The seedlings are ready for transplanting after 30-40 days.
Suitable Time of Sowing: Chilies are typically sown between October and November for optimal growth.
Field Preparation: Prepare the field by plowing 2-3 times and breaking up clods after each plowing. Incorporate 150-200 quintals of organic manure into the soil 15-20 days before sowing. Make furrows at a distance of 60 cm and apply biofertilizers like Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria.
Crop Cycle: Chili plants have a growth cycle of 90-120 days, depending on the variety.
Water Management: Irrigation should be done based on the plant's water requirements, especially during the flowering and fruiting stages. Proper drainage should be maintained to reduce the risk of fungal diseases caused by waterlogging.
Weed Management: Before sowing, apply pre-emergent herbicides like Pendimethalin or Fluazifop. Hand weed 30 days after sowing to keep the field weed-free.
Harvesting: Chili crops are harvested when they reach full color and maturity. For most varieties, the first harvest can be done 75-80 days after transplanting.
Diseases and Disease Prevention: Chili plants are susceptible to diseases like wilting and bacterial infections. Preventive measures include crop rotation, maintaining soil health, and timely application of fungicides. Treating seeds with fungicides before sowing is essential to prevent soil-borne diseases.
